Single Photon Counters

Overview
Specs
Tutorial
Software
Feedback

Item #	SPCM20A(/M)	SPCM50A(/M)
Detector Type	Si Avalanche Photodetector
Wavelength Range	350 - 900 nm
Active Detector Size	Ø20 µm	Ø50 µm
Typical Max Responsivity	35% @ 500 nm
Dark Count Rate	25 Hz (Typical) 60 Hz (Max)	150 Hz (Typical) 200 Hz (Max)
Max Count Rate^a	28 MHz	22 MHz

For Pulsed Light

Spectral Photon Detection Probability of Single Photon Counter SPCM Series

Figure 1: Photon Detection Probability as a function of Photon Wavelength is shown. The SPCM is sensitive to photons within the white shaded region only.

Features

Low Dark Counts
- SPCM20A(/M): 25 Hz (Typical)
- SPCM50A(/M): 150 Hz (Typical)
Two Detector Sizes
- SPCM20A(/M): Ø20 µm Active Area
- SPCM50A(/M): Ø50 µm Active Area
Active Quenching
Temperature Stabilized
USB Interface
Pulse Output
TTL Gating/Trigger Input
Compact Size: 68 mm x 85 mm x 25 mm

Applications

Spectroscopy with Single Molecules
Spectro-Photometrical Measurements
Flow Cytometry
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy
Lidar

Thorlabs' Photon Counter Modules use a silicon avalanche photodiode to detect single photons. The SPCM counters are sensitive to photons emitted in the 350 to 900 nm range with the maximum sensitivity at 500 nm (see Fig. 1). They work by converting an incoming photon into a TTL pulse in the detector, which is counted by the internal 31-bit counter. An additional SMA connection offers a direct output pulse signal from the module that can be viewed on an oscilloscope or connected to an external counter. Please see the Tutorial tab for details about the functionality of this photon counter.

An integrated Peltier element stabilizes the diode's temperature below the ambient temperature to reduce the dark count rate. The two available models, SPCM20A and SPCM50A, have low typical dark count rates of 25 and 150 counts per second, respectively, which allows them to detect power levels down to 0.14 fW.

The active quenching circuit integrated into the diode of the SPCM enables high count rates. Its high speed allows users to count a photon every 35 - 45 ns, depending on the model chosen. The SPCM20A provides an active area of Ø20 µm and the SPCM50A offers Ø50 µm.

Software

The SPCM includes a software package with GUI for out-of-the-box operation. The following operating modes can be set by the software:

Manual Mode for manual operation
Free Running Timer Counter for counting incident photons for a certain number of "Time Bin Lengths"
Externally Triggered Timer Counter for triggering the timer start for counting incident photons for a certain time period
Externally Triggered Counter for starting and stopping the counter by an external trigger
External Gating for activating the counter and the APD externally

For more details about the software and its operation modes, please see the Software tab.

Item #	SPCM20A(/M)	SPCM50A(/M)
Detector Type	Si Avalanche Photodetector
Wavelength Range	350 - 900 nm
Active Detector Size	Ø20 µm	Ø50 µm
Typical Max Responsivity	35% @ 500 nm
Dark Count Rate	25 Hz (Typical) 60 Hz (Max)	150 Hz (Typical) 200 Hz (Max)
Max Count Rate^a	28 MHz	22 MHz
Dead Time	35 ns (Typical)	45 ns (Typical)
APD Gating Delay^b	18 ns (Typical)
Gate / Trigger In to Pulse Out Delay^c	28 ns (Typical)
Afterpulse Probability	3%
APD Temperature Stability	<0.1 K
Gating / Trigger Input	TTL 50 Ω
Pulse Output	TTL 50 Ω
Dimensions	67.5 mm x 85 mm x 37.7 mm
Power Supply	6 VDC / 1.5 A

For Pulsed Light
In external gating mode: delay between trigger signal (at Gate / Trigger In) and activating the APD gating.
In external gating mode: delay between trigger signal (at Gate / Trigger In) and Pulse Out.

Operating Principle of Single Photon Counters

Avalanche photodiodes operated in the Geiger Mode have the ability to detect single photons. This single photon sensitivity can be achieved by biasing the APD above the breakdown voltage (Point A in Fig. 1). The APD will remain in a metastable state until a photon arrives and generates an avalanche (Point B). This avalanche is quenched by an active quenching circuit inside the APD (Point C), which lowers the bias voltage below the breakdown voltage (labeled V_BR in Fig. 1).

Current Voltage Characteristics
Thorlabs Single Photon Counter SPCM in Geiger Mode

Figure 1: Current Voltage Characteristics of an Avalanche Photodiode Operated in Geiger Mode

Afterwards the excess bias voltage can be restored. During this time, which is known as the pulse dead time of the diode, the APD is insensitive to any other incoming photons. Spontaneously triggered avalanches are possible while the diode is in a metastable state. If these spontaneous avalanches occur randomly, they are called dark counts. If the spontaneously triggered avalanches are correlated in time with a pulse caused by a photon, it is called an afterpulse. To block such afterpulses in the measurement, an additional pulse dead time can be set in the software, which will cause the internal counter of the SPCM to ignore all pulses occurring during this pulse dead time.

Definitions

Geiger Mode:
In this mode, the diode is operated slightly above the breakdown threshold voltage. Hence, a single electron-hole pair (generated by absorption of a photon or by a thermal fluctuation) can trigger a strong avalanche.

Dark Count Rate:
This is the average rate of registered counts in the absence of any incident light and determines the minimum count rate at which the signal is dominantly caused by real photons. The false detection events are mostly of thermal origin and can therefore be strongly suppressed by using a cooled detector.

Active Quenching occurs when a fast discriminator senses the steep onset of the avalanche current and quickly reduces the bias voltage so that it is below breakdown momentarily. The bias is then returned to a value above the breakdown voltage in preparation for detection of the next photon.

Dead Time is the time interval the detector spends in its recovery state. During this time, it is effectively blind to incoming photons. The dead time fraction, which is an inherent feature of an active quenching circuit, may be defined as the ratio of missed to incident events.

Afterpulsing:
During an avalanche, some charges can be trapped inside the high field region. When these charges are released, they can trigger an avalanche. These spurious events are called Afterpulses. The life of those trapped charges is on the order of a few tenths of a microsecond. Hence, it is likely that an afterpulse occurs directly after a signal pulse.

Click to Enlarge

Software

The SPCM includes a software package with GUI for out-of-the-box operation. The following operating modes can be set by the software:

Manual Mode:
The counter is started and stopped manually by pressing the Start/Stop button (toggle function). The timer will be reset at each start.

Free Running Timer Counter:
Both the number of time bins (i.e, the number of measurements) as well as the minimum interval between two subsequent bins can be set.

Externally Triggered Timer Counter:
In this mode, the timer is started by an external trigger signal and counts incident photons during the set time bin length. The active trigger slope (rising or falling) can be selected.

Externally Triggered Counter:
In this mode, the external trigger signal will start and stop the counter.

External Gating:
The counter and the APD are activated externally.

Measurement Settings:
In the array mode, each data value is recorded to an array. In the continuous mode, the measurement is restarted after the preset number. Both modes can be saved as a .txt file. The measurement results can be represented as a bar (XY bar with counts vs. number of measurements), graph (curve), table (numeric) or alignment (numeric with additionally information) display. The number of measurements can be defined, and the measurements can be repeated.

Download Page for the latest version of Thorlabs software package for Single Photon Counter Modules:

Software: Software package for Windows with driver and graphical user interface for operating the device in standard applications.

Download Page

Posted Comments:

rickkreidler (posted 2018-09-17 13:14:45.387)

I need to do fluorescence decay time measurements on inorganic phosphor powders. I have acquired an Edinburgh Instruments EPLED 250 pulsed laser for this task. The laser output consists of pulses having FWHM 10 nm at peak wavelength 250 nm. The pulse frequency is adjustable from 20 MHz to 2.5 kHz in15 steps. My expected decay times are in the range of 0.5 to 20 microseconds which means that I should operate the EPLED source at frequencies of 50 to 2000 kHz. The average power of the EPLED laser at 10 kHz is 1.2 microwatts. The EPLED produces an internal trigger pulse -380 mV into 50 Ohm impedance. The time duration of the trigger pulse is 3-5 ns. The EPLED can also be triggered by an external TTL trigger pulse. It is necessary to trigger Single photon counter at the same time as the EPLED. I have attempted to do the measurements using a Thorlabs avalanche photodiode (APD130A2) without success. Although I can detect the lase pulse, there is not enough signal from my phosphor samples to detect and measure their decay curves. All I see is noise. I have therefore concluded that my only option is to use a single photon counter. I have been displaying my signals on a Tektronix 50 MHz two channel digital oscilloscope. I have been able to record the spectrum of my samples using an Ocean Optics usb2000+ spectrometer. Sampling times of the order of 40 seconds were needed this merely confirms that my samples were excited by the pulsed laser. I will need your advice on whether a Thorlabs single photon counter will be able to produce measured decay curves from my samples and if so how it should be set up. Please note that the quantum efficiency of my samples is ~80% for excitation by 250 nm radiation. Sincerely, Eric R. Kreidler

wskopalik (posted 2018-09-20 04:59:09.0)

This is a response from Wolfgang at Thorlabs. Thank you very much for your inquiry! In general the single photon counters would be an improvement for the detection of the fluorescence signals. There are however a few critical points which depend on the details of your setup and which we should discuss in greater depth. I guess that the fluorescence is emitted randomly in all directions. So one would need to make sure that as much light as possible is collected by the photodiode in the counter. The wavelength of the fluorescence would need to be in the spectral range of the single photon counters (i.e. 350 - 900 nm) as well. And also the resolution in time is limited by the dead time of the counter which is 35 ns. This means that after the detection of a photon, the detector cannot detect a new photon for 35 ns. So for a decay time of 0.5 µs you would get about 15 measurement samples. I will contact you directly regarding these points so we can find a suitable solution.

y5shi (posted 2018-06-21 14:11:41.163)

I wonder how should I mount this module to a Nikon upright microscope with C-mount? We can't do free-space coupling so I'm not sure what is the best way to integrate this module to the microscope. Should I use a multimode fiber for the coupling?

YLohia (posted 2018-06-21 05:33:44.0)

In order to mount to a C-mount, you will have to use the SM1A9 adapter. We really do not recommend multimode fibers for this since the SPCM20A and SPCM50A have active sensor diameters of 20um and 50um, respectively, which is significantly smaller than the core size of most standard multimode fibers. We do, however, sell 10um and 25um core size multimode fibers here: https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=351. I will reach out to you directly to discuss this further.

parksj003 (posted 2018-05-14 19:38:04.24)

I would like to measure the tail of fl. lifetime which is quite small to be measured. To make it measurable, we can increase the fl. intensity and selectively measure the tail by TTL gating function. But I am worrying about the pile up problem. So would you let me know that it gates TTL output only or inactivates the photon detection? I think if it only gates TTL output, it is not possible to avoidable the pile-up problem which resulting in inaccurate life time curve in tail. Thank you.

mvonsivers (posted 2018-05-17 07:01:04.0)

This is a response from Moritz at Thorlabs. Thank you for your inquiry. It is possible to operate the Single Photon Counter Modules in External Gating mode. In this case, the external gating signal directly controls the APD bias voltage. Therefore, the photon detection is only activated when a gating signal is applied.

tjwoehl (posted 2017-06-29 10:49:30.357)

I am looking to possibly use this SPCM detector for a photon correlation spectroscopy application on an optical microscope, similar to fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. What is the minimum bin size and the minimum bin interval that this detector can achieve? In this mode, does the software directly record photons/bin as a function of time? What mode would the detector typically run in for photon correlation spectroscopy?

swick (posted 2017-07-04 03:41:24.0)

This is a response from Sebastian at Thorlabs. Thank you for the inquiry. The Bin length and the Time Between Bins can be set from 0.000001 to 2147,483647 seconds. For example you can use the Free Running Timer Counter for counting incident photons for a certain number of "Time Bin Lengths". In order to recommend the correct operation mode for you application, I have contacted you directly for assistance.

cpepe (posted 2016-03-21 10:53:52.76)

Hi, I was wondering what the timing resolution is for the SPCM detectors?

tschalk (posted 2016-03-22 07:27:02.0)

This is a response from Thomas at Thorlabs. The specification of the max. count rate is 28MHz for SPCM20A and 22MHz for SPCM50A. I will contact you directly to discuss your application.

m.traulsen (posted 2014-05-20 17:00:09.94)

Hello, my application is distance measurement and therefore the minimal time bin length of 1 microsecond is way too long. If I use the externally triggered counter mode can I achieve shorter bin length and therefore faster counting? And also If I use the external gating mode what is the shortest bin length then? And if I gate fairly fast (let's say 15 MHz so too fast for the software) am I still able to measure perfectly with my TSCPC or oscilloscope?

tschalk (posted 2014-05-23 11:07:42.0)

This is a response from Thomas at Thorlabs. Unfortunately, it is not possible to achieve shorter bin length with external triggering. You can use the software and external gating mode at 10MHz. It is also possible to use 20MHz gating frequency using an oscilloscope for the readout. I will contact you directly for more detailed information.

esolarte (posted 2013-03-03 06:06:38.3)

Can I detect 20ps photon pulses @ 780nm, with your SPCM20A? if yes, what is the time resolution of this detector? Need I some especial (additional) electronics?

cdaly (posted 2013-03-06 14:39:00.0)

Response from Emily at Thorlabs: Thank you for your inquiry! The SPCM20A would detect a 20ps pulse. The detector itself has a timing resolution (FWHM) of 40ps. The SPCM20A does not perform time correlated single photon counting. Therefore to make time correlated single photon counting you would need additional electronics. You can connect your external electronics to the pulse out connector which delivers a TTL pulse. I will contact you directly to discuss your application.

View All »Matching Part Numbers

Single Photon Counters

Features

Applications

Software

Operating Principle of Single Photon Counters

Definitions

Software