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Variable Fiber Optical Attenuators for Multimode Patch Cables![]()
VOAMMF FC/PC Bulkheads Application Idea Two FC/PC Multimode Fiber Patch Cables Attached to the VOAMMF Variable Optical Attenuator VOAMMS SMA Bulkheads Related Items
![]() Please Wait The animation shows how to adjust and lock the attenuation. Features
Thorlabs' Multimode Variable Fiber Optic Attenuators (VOAs) allow one to attenuate an optical signal easily by plugging multimode fibers or components directly into the attenuator. They control the attenuation by increasing the air gap distance between the two connectors, which decreases the coupling efficiency. This makes them ideal for quickly adjusting the power level incident on a detector, such as our compact CCD spectrometers or optical spectrum analyzers, to ensure that the sensor isn't saturated. The VOAMMF has two 2.2 mm wide key FC/PC bulkheads for attaching two FC/PC-terminated multimode fiber patch cables. The VOAMMS has two SMA bulkheads for attaching two SMA-terminated multimode fiber patch cables. These SMA bulkheads are compatible with SMA905- and SMA906-style connectors. When joining an SMA bulkhead and an SMA906-style connector without an alignment sleeve, a higher insertion loss may occur. Please note that these attenuators are designed for specific use with either two FC/PC- or SMA-terminated multimode fibers of the same NA and core size; using mismatched fibers, single mode fibers, or FC/APC-terminated patch cables may lead to reduced performance. Each attenuator is adjusted by turning the two brass nuts, enabling adjustment of the air gap without concern of light escaping. To lengthen or shorten the gap, first loosen the nut in the direction of travel, moving it past the final location. Then, the other nut can be used to push the moving carriage until the desired attenuation is reached. To lock the attenuation, tighten the first nut against the second; this should lead to little to no noticable shift in the set attenuation. The adjustment procedure is illustrated in the animation above and to the right. Each attenuator can be mounted to a Ø1/2" post using the SM05TC drop-in clamp or the SM05RC ring clamp, as shown in the image to the right below. Mounting the attenuator will make it easier to precisely position the jam nuts to set the attenuation to the desired level. Thorlabs also offers fixed attenuators for SMA patch cables. Our multimode fiber optic filter/attenuator mount is capable of holding a variety of filters and an shutter-based attenuator; it is also designed for SMA patch cables. ![]() Click to Enlarge The VOAMMS attenuator in the minimum (left) and maximum (right) attenuation positions. ![]() Click to Enlarge The VOAMMF attenuator in a setup for spectroscopy using our CCS100 compact spectrometer. The attenuator is mounted in the SM05TC drop-in clamp. M16L01 multimode fiber hybrid FC/PC to SMA patch cables are used to interface the spectrometer to the VOAMMF.
Attenuation Plots for VOAMMFMeasured using a 617 nm butt-coupled LED (Item # M617F2). For an Excel file with all plot data, please click here. Transmission Plots for VOAMMFMeasured using a 617 nm butt-coupled LED (Item # M617F2). For an Excel file with all plot data, please click here. Attenuation Plots for VOAMMSMeasured using a 617 nm butt-coupled LED (Item # M617F2). For an Excel file with all plot data, please click here. Transmission Plots for VOAMMSMeasured using a 617 nm butt-coupled LED (Item # M617F2). For an Excel file with all plot data, please click here. ![]() Click to Enlarge Total Internal Reflection in an Optical Fiber Guiding Light in an Optical FiberOptical fibers are part of a broader class of optical components known as waveguides that utilize total internal reflection (TIR) in order to confine and guide light within a solid or liquid structure. Optical fibers, in particular, are used in numerous applications; common examples include telecommunications, spectroscopy, illumination, and sensors. One of the more common glass (silica) optical fibers uses a structure known as a step-index fiber, which is shown in the image to the right. Step-index fibers have an inner core made from a material with a refractive index that is higher than the surrounding cladding layer. Within the fiber, a critical angle of incidence exists such that light will reflect off the core/cladding interface rather than refract into the surrounding medium. To fulfill the conditions for TIR in the fiber, the angle of incidence of light launched into the fiber must be less than a certain angle, which is defined as the acceptance angle, θacc. Snell's law can be used to calculate this angle: where ncore is the refractive index of the fiber core, nclad is the refractive index of the fiber cladding, n is the refractive index of the outside medium, θcrit is the critical angle, and θacc is the acceptance half-angle of the fiber. The numerical aperture (NA) is a dimensionless quantity used by fiber manufacturers to specify the acceptance angle of an optical fiber and is defined as: In step-index fibers with a large core (multimode), the NA can be calculated directly using this equation. The NA can also be determined experimentally by tracing the far-field beam profile and measuring the angle between the center of the beam and the point at which the beam intensity is 5% of the maximum; however, calculating the NA directly provides the most accurate value.
Number of Modes in an Optical FiberEach potential path that light propagates through in an optical fiber is known as a guided mode of the fiber. Depending on the physical dimensions of the core/cladding regions, refractive index, and wavelength, anything from one to thousands of modes can be supported within a single optical fiber. The two most commonly manufactured variants are single mode fiber (which supports a single guided mode) and multimode fiber (which supports a large number of guided modes). In a multimode fiber, lower-order modes tend to confine light spatially in the core of the fiber; higher-order modes, on the other hand, tend to confine light spatially near the core/cladding interface. Using a few simple calculations, it is possible to estimate the number of modes (single mode or multimode) supported by an optical fiber. The normalized optical frequency, also known as the V-number, is a dimensionless quantity that is proportional to the free space optical frequency but is normalized to guiding properties of an optical fiber. The V-number is defined as: where V is the normalized frequency (V-number), a is the fiber core radius, and λ is the free space wavelength. Multimode fibers have very large V-numbers; for example, a Ø50 µm core, 0.39 NA multimode fiber at a wavelength of 1.5 µm has a V-number of 40.8. For multimode fiber, which has a large V-number, the number of modes supported is approximated using the following relationship. In the example above of the Ø50 µm core, 0.39 NA multimode fiber, it supports approximately 832 different guided modes that can all travel simultaneously through the fiber. Single mode fibers are defined with a V-number cut-off of V < 2.405, which represents the point at which light is coupled only into the fiber's fundamental mode. To meet this condition, a single mode fiber has a much smaller core size and NA compared to a multimode fiber at the same wavelength. One example of this, SMF-28 Ultra single mode fiber, has a nominal NA of 0.14 and an Ø8.2 µm core at 1550 nm, which results in a V-number of 2.404.
![]() Click to Enlarge Attenuation Due to Macrobend Loss ![]() Click to Enlarge Attenuation Due to Microbend Loss ![]() Click to Enlarge Beam profile measurement of FT200EMT multimode fiber and a former generation M565F1 LED (replaced by the M565F3) showing light guided in the cladding rather than the core of the fiber. Sources of AttenuationLoss within an optical fiber, also referred to as attenuation, is characterized and quantified in order to predict the total transmitted power lost within a fiber optic setup. The sources of these losses are typically wavelength dependent and range from the material used in the fiber itself to bending of the fiber. Common sources of attenuation are detailed below: Absorption Contaminants in the fiber also contribute to the absorption loss. One example of an undesired impurity is water molecules that are trapped in the glass of the optical fiber, which will absorb light around 1300 nm and 2.94 µm. Since telecom signals and some lasers operate in that same region, any water molecules present in the fiber will attenuate the signal significantly. The concentration of ions in the fiber glass is often controlled by manufacturers to tune the transmission/attenuation properties of a fiber. For example, hydroxyl ions (OH-) are naturally present in silica and absorb light in the NIR-IR spectrum. Therefore, fibers with low-OH content are preferred for transmission at telecom wavelengths. On the other hand, fibers with high-OH content typically exhibit increased transmission at UV wavelengths and thus may be preferred by users interested in applications such as fluorescence or UV-VIS spectroscopy. Scattering Bending Loss Macrobend loss is typically associated with the physical bending of an optical fiber; for example, rolling it in a tight coil. As shown in the image to the right, guided light is spatially distributed within the core and cladding regions of the fiber. When a fiber is bent at a radius, light near the outer radius of the bend cannot maintain the same spatial mode profile without exceeding the speed of light. Instead, the energy is lost to the surroundings as radiation. For a large bend radius, the losses associated with bending are small; however, at bend radii smaller than the recommended bend radius of a fiber, bend losses become very significant. For short periods of time, optical fibers can be operated at a small bend radius; however, for long-term storage, the bend radius should be larger than the recommended value. Use proper storage conditions (temperature and bend radius) to reduce the likelihood of permanently damaging the fiber; the FSR1 Fiber Storage Reel is designed to minimize high bend loss. Microbend loss arises from changes in the internal geometry of the fiber, particularly the core and cladding layers. These random variations (i.e., bumps) in the fiber structure disturb the conditions needed for total internal reflection, causing propagating light to couple into a non-propagating mode that leaks from the fiber (see the image to the right for details). Unlike macrobend loss, which is controlled by the bend radius, microbend loss occurs due to permanent defects in the fiber that are created during fiber manufacturing. Cladding Modes Cladding modes may be undesired for some applications (e.g., launching into free space) because of their effect on the beam spatial profile. Over long fiber lengths, these modes will naturally attenuate. For short fiber lengths (<10 m), one method for removing cladding modes from a fiber is to use a mandrel wrap at a radius that removes cladding modes while keeping the desired propagating modes.
Launch ConditionsUnderfilled Launch Condition Diagram illustrating an underfilled launch condition (left) and a beam profile measurement using a FT200EMT multimode fiber (right).
Overfilled Launch Condition Diagram illustrating an overfilled launch condition (left) and a beam profile measurement using a FT200EMT multimode fiber (right).
There are advantages and disadvantages to underfilled or overfilled launch conditions, depending on the needs of the intended application. For measuring the baseline performance of a multimode fiber, Thorlabs recommends using a launch condition where the beam diameter is 70-80% of the fiber core diameter. Over short distances, an overfilled fiber has more output power; however, over long distances (>10 - 20 m) the higher-order modes that more susceptible to attenuation will disappear.
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