Polarization-Maintaining Photonic Crystal Fibers
Features- Beat Length <4 mm (Beat Lengths of <1 mm Possible)
- Polarization Extinction Ratio (PER) >30 dB over 100 m
- Temperature Sensitivity 30x Lower than that of Other Leading Stress-Birefringent Fibers
- Undoped Pure Silica Core and Cladding
- Near-Gaussian Mode Profile, (Ellipticity ~1.5)
NKT Photonics offers Polarization-Maintaining (PM) photonic crystal fibers that incorporate a non-circular core in combination with the large refractive index step between air and glass; this creates strong form birefringence. The result can be a shorter beat length that reduces the bend-induced coupling between polarization states compared with conventional PM fibers, and a much reduced thermal sensitivity of birefringence. The temperature coefficient of birefringence of these fibers is up to 30 times less than that of other leading stress-birefringent fibers.
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| Parameter | Value |
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Mode Field Diameter (Long/Short
Axis for both S- and P-Polarization) | 3.6/3.1 µm | | Attenuation | <1 dB/km | | Beat Length | <4 mm | | Differential Group Delay | 2.25 ns/km | | Polarization Extinction Ratio (PER) | 30 dB / 100 m (Ø155 mm spool) | Chromatic Dispersion
S-Polarization
P-Polarization |
54 ps/nm/km
59 ps/nm/km | | Pitch, Λ (Spacing Between Holes) | 4.4 µm | | Large Hole Diameter | 4.5 µm | | Small Hole Diameter | 2.2 µm | | Diameter of Holey Region | 40.0 µm | | Outside Diameter | 125 µm | | Coating Diameter (Single Layer Acrylate) | 230 µm |
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This application note addresses general handling of fibers from NKT Photonics, including how to strip the protective coating, how to cleave the fibers and tips for coupling light to and from the fibers. This is ideal for customers new to photonic crystal fibers.  Application_Note-_Stripping_Cleaving_&_Coupling.pdf
The application note below addresses general advice about fusion splicing of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). The note is limited to the work related directly to the fusion splicer, whereas guidelines for general handling of the PCFs can be found in the application note to the left. Application Note-_Splicing_Single Mode_PCF.pdf |
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Features- Polarization Maintaining (PM)
- Polarization Extinction Ratio (PER) >20 dB over 100 m
- Mode Field Diameter Independent of Wavelength
- Undoped Pure Silica Core and Cladding
- Ø5 µm, Ø10 µm, and Ø15 µm Core Sizes Available
Thorlabs offers a selection of Endlessly Single Mode (ESM), Large-Mode-Area (LMA), PM Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs). A conventional single mode fiber is actually multimode for wavelengths shorter than the second-mode cutoff wavelength, limiting the useful operating wavelength range in many applications. In contrast, Crystal Fibre's endlessly single mode PCFs are truly single mode at all wavelengths for which fused silica is transparent. In practice, the useful operating wavelength range is limited only by bend loss. Although the cladding possesses six-fold symmetry, the mode profile is very similar to the quasi-Gaussian fundamental mode of a conventional, axially symmetric, step-index fiber, resulting in a form overlap that is >90%. Unlike conventional fibers, these fibers are fabricated from a single material: undoped, high-purity, fused silica glass. The PM performance is achieved via stress rod applied birefringence. The combination of material and very large mode area enables high power levels to be transmitted through the fiber without material damage or the adverse effects caused by the fiber's nonlinear properties. The fibers can be spliced to standard single mode fibers or directly connectorized with standard FC/PC connectors or SMA 905 high power connectors.
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| Item # | LMA-PM-5 | LMA-PM-10 | LMA-PM-15 |
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| Optical Properties | | Mode Field Diameter* | 4.2 ± 0.5 μm | 8.0 ± 0.8 μm | 12.5 ± 0.5 μm | | Attenuation ** | <30 dB/km @ 470 nm
<10 dB/km @ 800 nm | <30 dB/km @ 470 nm
<5 dB/km @ 1060 nm
<5 dB/km @ 1550 nm | <15 dB/km @ 1000 nm
<10 dB/km @ 1550 nm
<25 dB/km @ 800 nm | | Numerical Aperture | 0.09 ± 0.01 @ 470 nm | 0.10 ± 0.05 @ 1060 nm | 0.09 ± 0.02 @ 1060 nm | | Cut-off Wavelength | None | None | None | | Physical Properties | | Signal Core Diameter | 5.0 ± 0.5 μm | 10.0 ± 1 μm | 15.0 ± 0.5 μm | | Outer Cladding Diameter, OD | 125 ± 3 μm | 230 ± 5 μm | 230 +1/-5 μm | | Coating Diameter | 245 ± 10 μm | 350 ± 10 μm | 350 ± 10 μm | | Cladding Material | Pure Silica | | Coating Material | Acrylate, Single Layer |
*Full width at points in the near field where intensity has dropped to 1/e of the peak value.
**Measured for a bend radius of 16 cm |
This application note addresses general handling of fibers from NKT Photonics, including how to strip the protective coating, how to cleave the fibers and tips for coupling light to and from the fibers. This is ideal for customers new to photonic crystal fibers. Application_Note-_Stripping_Cleaving_&_Coupling.pdf The application note below addresses general advice about fusion splicing of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). The note is limited to the work related directly to the fusion splicer, whereas guidelines for general handling of the PCFs can be found in the application note to the left. Application Note-_Splicing_Single Mode_PCF.pdf |
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Features- Polarization Beat Length at 1550 nm is typically <2 mm
- DGD at 1550 nm is typically 2 ns/km
- Nonlinear Coefficient 54 (W·km)-1 (cf 1.1 (W·km)-1 for SMF-28e+ at 1550 nm)
- Near-Gaussian Mode Profile, Ellipticity of 1.13 at 830 nm
NKT Photonics' polarization-maintaining (PM) highly nonlinear photonic crystal fibers guide light in a small solid silica core, surrounded by a microstructure cladding formed by a periodic arrangement of air holes in the silica. The optical properties of the core closely resemble those of a slightly elliptical rod of glass suspended in air; this results in a strong confinement of the light, a large nonlinear coefficient, and a substantial splitting of the effective indices of the polarization modes. The zero-dispersion (ZD) wavelength has been chosen for use with Ti:Sapphire laser sources, but the dispersion is also anomalous at the fundamental Neodymium wavelength (1060 nm).
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Specifications| Optical Properties | NL-PM-750 |
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| Short Zero Dispersion Wavelength | 750 ± 15 nm | | Long Zero Dispersion Wavelength | 1260 ± 20 nm | | Attenuation @ 780 nm | <0.05 dB/m | | Cutoff Wavelength | < 650 nm | | Mode Field Diameter @ 780 nm | 1.6 ± 0.3 µm | | Numerical Aperture @ 780 nm | 0.38 ± 0.05 | | Nonlinear Coefficient @ 780 nm | ~95 (Wkm)-1 | | Birefringence @ 780 nm | >3·10-4 | | Physical Properties |
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| Material | Pure Silica | | Cladding Diameter | 120 ± 5 μm | | Coating Diameter | 240 ± 10 μm | | Coating Material, Single Layer | Acrylate | | Core Size (Diameter) | 1.8 ± 0.3 μm |
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The term supercontinuum generation includes many nonlinear effects that lead to a substantial spectral broadening. These nonlinear effects include Raman scattering, self-phase modulation and solitons. Supercontinuum spectra are typically produced by inputting short (femtosecond range) high power pulses into a nonlinear medium. Since the dispersion in a photonic crystal fiber can be tailored to facilitate the generation of supercontinuum spectra in a specific region, nonlinear photonic crystal fibers are an attractive media. Supercontinuum (SC) sources are a new type of light source that combine the high radiant power and high degree of spatial coherence of a laser with a spectral bandwidth usually associated with an incandescent source. Supercontinuum sources can often drastically improve the signal-to-noise ratio, reduce the measurement time, or widen the spectral range in applications that require a broadband source, including high-resolution spectroscopy, the characterization of optical components, or optical coherence tomography (OCT). Despite the complex nature of the non-linear optical processes that convert the narrowband output of a laser into a supercontinuum, the practical realization can be surprisingly straight forward. All that is required is a high peak power pulsed laser, and a non-linear element with the right dispersion characteristics. The high power density, long length at comparatively low loss and the ability to achieve zero dispersion at wavelength shorter than 1250 nm - something that is not achievable with conventional fibers - makes small-core PCF ideally suited as the nonlinear element in a SC source. NKT Photonics offers small-core fibers suitable for use with femtosecond Ti:sapphire lasers (NLxx-xxx), as well as a fiber specifically designed to generate SC radiation from the output of a compact, low-cost Nd3+-YAG microchip laser (SC-5.0-1040). Please see detailed application note linked below for more information. When selecting a fiber for supercontinuum generation, the relationship between a fiber’s zero dispersion wavelength and the pump is the most important consideration. The table below provides a general guideline for cases when pumping the photonic crystal fiber with femtosecond laser sources. The attached pdf file offers more details regarding supercontinuum generation using the NL series of Photonic Crystal Fiber. | Pump Wavelength | Output Spectrum |
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| Below the zero dispersion wavelength | Stable, smooth and narrow spectrum | | At the zero dispersion wavelength | Irregular, medium-wide and with a dip at the zero-dispersion wavelength | | Above the zero dispersion wavelength | Irregular and wide spectrum |
Supercontinuum - General Application Note - Thorlabs.pdf
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This application note addresses general handling of fibers from NKT Photonics, including how to strip the protective coating, how to cleave the fibers and tips for coupling light to and from the fibers. This is ideal for customers new to photonic crystal fibers. Application_Note-_Stripping_Cleaving_&_Coupling.pdf The application note below addresses general advice about fusion splicing of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). The note is limited to the work related directly to the fusion splicer, whereas guidelines for general handling of the PCFs can be found in the application note to the left. Application Note-_Splicing_Single Mode_PCF.pdf |
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Polarization Maintaining PCF
